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Top1. Introduction
Expressways have the characteristics of multiple points and long lines. For key point-like projects such as Bridges and tunnels, their structure is complex and the number of fine model components is huge (Di Graziano et al., 2023; Duong, 2021; Sheina et al., 2022). For lines, their length is usually measured in kilometers, requiring a very wide viewing range and complex terrain along the lines. Therefore, the operation and maintenance management of expressway requires both fine management based on the BIM model and macro-management supported by GIS. The two technologies complement each other. In the field of expressway operation and maintenance, BIM can provide complete basic data on road, bridge, and tunnel engineering consistent with the actual situation (Bracht, Melo, & Lamberts, 2021; Li, Lai, Ma, & Wang, 2021; Saman & Esmatullah, 2021), while GIS can provide more macro geospatial positioning information. It includes the geographical location information of the road, the surrounding environment information, and other spatial macro information. The integration of BIM and GIS can achieve the effect of interconnection and complementariness.
Compared with the separate applications of BIM and GIS, the modeling quality, analysis accuracy, decision-making efficiency, and other aspects have been significantly improved, playing a huge role in the field of highway operation and maintenance. In addition to the ability to store, analyze, manage (Marco, Sebastian, & André, 2021; Qian et al., 2021; Vito et al., 2021), and query data and to display the panorama of external maps, GIS technology makes up for the lack of BIM computing ability in data processing. In addition, GIS technology can provide an external environment and geographic information for BIM model items, especially when it is used in BIM modeling of long-mileage roads, and GIS can provide a more comprehensive information platform. In general, BIM and GIS complement each other's strengths and are widely used in the digital management platform of road maintenance (Liu et al., 2021; Tan, Grant, Eleni, & Liu, 2021; Tang et al., 2021).
BIM combined with data analysis technology has promoted the development of road nursing management platforms and provided a new way for nursing management decision-making (Alireza, 2021; Filip et al., 2021). In the literature (Bonsang et al., 2021), the developed pavement damage analysis and evaluation program was used to analyze and evaluate the pavement damage in the model road section (Jakob & Guido, 2021), and a reasonable maintenance plan was proposed according to the severity degree (Yu et al., 2021). This research is based on the analysis of two-dimensional data and does not involve GIS technology. At present, road maintenance management platform is widely used in airport pavement management. Literature, combined with software, proposed a web-based three-dimensional (3D) model of airport pavement quality difference expression numerical twin method, which effectively improved the intelligent and intelligent level of airport pavement management system (APMS) (James et al., 2021).